Skip to main content
Search
Search
Quick Search anywhere
Quick Search anywhere
Quick Search anywhere
Quick Search anywhere
Quick Search anywhere
Quick Search anywhere
Advanced Search
Skip main navigation
No Access

A systems integration approach to the optimum operation and scheduling of biocide usage and discharge for seawater cooling systems

Published Online:March 19, 2012pp 1-35https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPSE.2012.045895

Abstract

The objective of this work is to develop a systematic approach to the optimal design and integration of seawater cooling systems in industrial facilities along with the usage and discharge of biocides. Specifically, the paper will address the following tasks:

  1. identification of the reaction pathways for the biocide from the mixing basin to the discharge points
  2. kinetic modelling of the biocide and by-products throughout the process
  3. a process integration framework to provide a holistic approach to optimising the design and operation of the seawater cooling systems, along with the dosage and discharge systems.

A hierarchical procedure is developed to first identify design modifications for heat integration and energy efficiency. Then, a multi-period, multi-segment optimisation formulation is developed and solved to identify the optimal operation and scheduling of biocide usage and discharge. A case study is solved to illustrate the applicability of the devised approach.

Keywords

process integration, energy integration, scheduling, design, mass integration, optimisation, sustainability

References

  • 1. Abdul-Wahab, S.A. , Juppb, B.P. (2009). ‘Levels of heavy metals in subtidal sediments in the vicinity of thermal power/desalination plants: a case study’. Desalination. 244, 1–3, 261-282 Google Scholar
  • 2. Becker, C. , Thatcher, T. (1973). Toxicity of Power Plant Chemicals to Aquatic Life. Washington, DC:Comps., USAEC Google Scholar
  • 3. Beeton, A.M. , Kovacic, P.K. , Brooks, A.S. (1976). ‘Effect of chlorine and sulfite reduction on Lake Michigan invertebrates’. Milwaukee, WI:Environment Protection Agency Google Scholar
  • 4. Ben Waren, A.H. , Joll, C. , Kagi, R. (2006). ‘A new method for calculation of the chlorine demand of natural and treated waters’. Water Research. 40, 8, 2877 Google Scholar
  • 5. Bin Mahfouz, A. (2010). Process Integration Techniques for Optimizing Seawater Cooling Systems. Saarbrücken:LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing Google Scholar
  • 6. Bin Mahfouz, A. , Atilhan, S. , Batchelor, B. , Linke, P. , Abdel-Wahab, A. , El-Halwagi, M.M. (2011). ‘Optimal scheduling of biocide dosing for seawater-cooled power and desalination plants’. Clean Technologies & Environmental Policy. 1-14, 1618-954X Google Scholar
  • 7. Bin Mahfouz, A. , El-Halwagi, M. , Linke, P. , Abdel-Wahab, A. , El-Halwagi, M. Linninger, A. (2009). ‘Process integration and kinetic analysis of seawater cooling in industrial facilities’. Design for Energy and the Environment – Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on the Foundations of Computer Aided Process Design. Boca Raton, FL:Taylor and Francis Pub. , 223-231 Google Scholar
  • 8. Bin Mahfouz, A. , El-Halwagi, M.M. , Abdel-Wahab, A. (2006). ‘Process integration techniques for optimizing seawater cooling systems and biocide discharge’. Clean Technologies & Environmental Policy. 8, 3, 203-215 Google Scholar
  • 9. Bryers, J. , Characklis, W. (1982). ‘Processes governing primary biofilm formation’. Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 24, 11, 2451-2476 Google Scholar
  • 10. Characklis, W.G. , Cooksey, K.E. , Allen, I.L. (1983). ‘Biofilms and microbial fouling’. Advances in Applied Microbiology. Academic Press, 93-138 Google Scholar
  • 11. Characklis, W.G. , Trulear, M.G. , Chang, L-C. (1979). Oxidation and Disinfection of Microbial Films. Michigan:Ann Arbor Science Google Scholar
  • 12. Characklis, W.G. , Trulear, M.G. , Bryers, J.D. , Zelver, N. (1982). ‘Dynamics of biofilm processes: methods’. Water Research. 16, 7, 1207-1216 Google Scholar
  • 13. Characklis, W.G. , Trulear, M.G. , Strathopoulos, N.A. , Chang, L.C. , Jolley, R.L. Brungs, W.A. Cumming, R.B. (1980). ‘Oxidation and destruction of microbial films’. Water Chlorination: Environmental Impact and Health. 3, 3rd ed., Ann Arbor, MI, USA:Ann Arbor Science , 349-368 Google Scholar
  • 14. Cloete, T.E. , Jacobs, L. , Brözel, V.S. (1998). ‘The chemical control of biofouling in industrial water systems’. Biodegradation. 9, 1, 23-37 Google Scholar
  • 15. De Beer, D. , Stoodley, P. (2006). ‘Microbial biofilms’. The Prokaryotes. 3, 1, 904-937 Google Scholar
  • 16. El-Halwagi, M.M. (1997). ‘Pollution prevention through process integration’. Systematic Design Tools. San Diego, California:Academic Press Google Scholar
  • 17. El-Halwagi, M.M. (2006). Process Integration. San Diego, California:Academic Press Google Scholar
  • 18. El-Halwagi, M.M. , Srinivas, B.K. , Dunn, R.F. (1995). ‘Synthesis of optimal heat-induced separation networks’. Chemical Engineering Science. 50, 1, 81-97 Google Scholar
  • 19. Eppley, R.W. , Renger, E.H. , Williams, P.M. (1976). ‘Chlorine reactions with seawater constituents and the inhibition of photosynthesis of natural marine phytoplankton’. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science. 4, 147-161 Google Scholar
  • 20. Fayad, N.M. , Iqbal, S. (1987). ‘Chlorination byproducts of Arabian Gulf seawater’. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 38, 475-482 Google Scholar
  • 21. Freese, S.D. , Nozaic, D.J. , P.W. S.A. (2004). ‘Chlorine – is it really so bad and what are the alternatives?’. WISA Biennial Conference, Cape Town, South Africa, 18-24 Google Scholar
  • 22. Goodman, P.D. (1987). ‘Effect of chlorine on materials for sea water cooling systems: a review of chemical reactions’. British Corrosion Journal. 22, 1, 56-62 Google Scholar
  • 23. Haag, W.R. , Lietzke, M.H. (1981). ‘Kinetic model for predicting the concentrations of active halogens species in chlorinated saline cooling waters’. TN, USA:Oak Ridge National Lab. , Final report Google Scholar
  • 24. Høstgaard-Jensen, P. , Klitgaard, J. , Pedersen, K.M. (1977). ‘Chlorine decay in cooling water and discharge into seawater’. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation. 1832-1841 Google Scholar
  • 25. Jenner, H.A. , Whitehouse, J.W. , Taylor, C.J.L. , Khalanski, M. (1998). Cooling Water Management in European Power Stations Biology and Control of Fouling. I-225 Google Scholar
  • 26. Jian-hua, Z. , Gang, X.U.E. , Hong-Bin, Z. , Yong-Hui, W. , Mei-Fang, G.U.O. (2004). Kinetics of Chlorine Decay in Water Distribution Systems. Google Scholar
  • 27. Kemp, I. (2007). Pinch Analysis and Process Integration: A User Guide on Process Integration for the Efficient Use of Energy. Oxford, UK:Butterworth-Heinemann/Elsevier Google Scholar
  • 28. Langford, T. (1977). ‘Environmental management of coastal cooling discharges in Hong Kong’. Chemistry & Industry. 612-616 Google Scholar
  • 29. Li, X. , GU, D-M. , Qi, J-Y. , Ukita, M. , Zhao, H-B. , et al. (2003). ‘Modeling of residual chlorine in water distribution system’. Journal of Environmental Science. 15, 1, China, 136-144 Google Scholar
  • 30. Lietzke, M.H. , Haag, W.R. (1979). Kinetic Model for Predicting the Concentrations of active Halogen Species in Chlorinated Saline Cooling Waters. TN, USA:Oak Ridge National Lab., Tennessee Univ., Knoxville (USA), Dept. of Chemistry Google Scholar
  • 31. Lijesen, M.G. (2007). ‘The real-time price elasticity of electricity’. Energy Economics. 29, 249-258 Google Scholar
  • 32. Macdonald, I.A. , Polman, H.J. , Jenner, H.A. , Quyama, S. (2008). Industrial Cooling Seawater Antifouling Optimisation through Adoption of Pulse Chlorination. Google Scholar
  • 33. Morgan, R.P., II , Stross, R.G. (1969). ‘Destruction of phytoplankton in the cooling water supply of a steam electric station’. Chesapeake Science. 10, 3–4, 165-171 Google Scholar
  • 34. Murthy, P.S. , Venkatesan, R. , Nair, K.V.K. , Ravindran, M. (2004). ‘Biofilm control for plate heat exchangers using surface seawater from the open ocean for the OTEC power plant’. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 53, 2, 133-140 Google Scholar
  • 35. Nebot, E. , Casanueva, J.F. , Casanueva, T. , Sales, D. (2007). ‘Model for fouling deposition on power plant steam condensers cooled with seawater: effect of water velocity and tube material’. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 50, 17–18, 3351-3358 Google Scholar
  • 36. Oldfield, J.W. , Todd, B. (1981). ‘Corrosion problems caused by bromine formation in MSF desalination plants’. Desalination. 38, 233-245 Google Scholar
  • 37. Platon, M. , Waite, T.D. , Jolly, R. (1985). ‘A predictive model for destruction of biofilms with chlorine’. Water Chlorination: Chemistry, Environmental Impact and Health Effects. 5, Chelsen, MI:Lewis Publishers Inc. , 1435-1445 Google Scholar
  • 38. Pyle, E.A. (1960). ‘Neutralizing chlorine in city water for use in fish-distribution tank’. The Progressive Fish-Culturist. 22, 1, 30-33 Google Scholar
  • 39. Smith, R. (2005). Chemical Process Design and Integration. New York:Wiley Google Scholar
  • 40. Turakhia, M. , Characklis, W. , Zelver, N. (1984). ‘Fouling of heat exchanger surface: measurement and diagnosis’. Heat Transfer Engineering. 5, 1–2, 93-101 Google Scholar
  • 41. Wang, J. , Qu, D. , Tie, M. , Ren, H. , Peng, X. , Luan, Z. (2008). ‘Effect of coagulation pretreatment on membrane distillation process for desalination of recirculating cooling water’. Separation and Purification Technology. 64, 1, 108-115 Google Scholar
  • 42. Wang, T.X. , Margerum, D.W. (1994). Kinetics of Reversible Chlorine Hydrolysis: Temperature Dependence and General-Acid/Base-Assisted Mechanisms. West Lafayette, Indiana:ACS Publications , 1050-1055 Google Scholar
  • 43. Zhou, J. , Xue, G. , Zhao, H.B. , Wang, Y.H. , Guo, M.F. (2004). ‘Kinetics of chlorine decay in water distribution systems’. Journal of Donghua University. 21, 1, 140-145 Google Scholar
Next article