Skip to main content
Skip main navigation
No Access

Does intelligence boost happiness? Smartness of all pays more than being smarter than others

Published Online:pp 5-27https://doi.org/10.1504/IJHD.2012.050808

We invest much in maximising intelligence and we get ever smarter: But does this make us any happier? The relation between intelligence and happiness is explored on two levels, at the micro-level of individuals and at the macro-level of nations. At the micro-level, we looked at the results of 23 studies and found no correlation between IQ and happiness. At the macro-level, we assessed the correlation between average IQ and average happiness in 143 nations and found a strong positive relationship. Together these findings mean that smartness of all pays more than being smarter than others.

Keywords

happiness, life-satisfaction, intelligence, cross-national, research synthesis, IQ

References11

  • 1. *Arbucle, T.Y. , Gold, D.P. , Andres, D. , Schwartzman, A. , Chaikelson, J (1992). ‘The role of psychosocial context, age and intelligence in memory performance of older men’. Psychology and Aging. 7, 1, 25-36 Google Scholar
  • 2. *Bachman, J.G. , Kahn, R.L. , Mednick, M. , Davidson, T.N (1970). ‘Youth in transition Vol. II: The impact of family background on intelligence in 10th-grade boy’. Ann Arbor, Michigan:University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research Google Scholar
  • 3. *Bray, D.W. , Howard, A (1980). Competence and Coping during Adulthood. Hanover, New Hampshire:University Press of New England , 258-287 Google Scholar
  • 4. *Cameron, P. (1975). ‘Mood as an indicant of happiness: age, sex, social class and situational differences’. Journal of Gerontology. 30, 2, 216-224 Google Scholar
  • 5. *Constantinople, A.P. (1965). ‘Some correlates of happiness and unhappiness in college students’. USA:University of Rochester , Unpublished dissertation Google Scholar
  • 6. *Feldman, D.H. (1984). ‘A follow-up of subjects scoring above 180 IQ in Terman’s ‘genetic studies of genius’’. Exceptional Children. 50, 6, 518-523 Google Scholar
  • 7. *Gorman, B.S (1971). ‘A multivariate study of the relationship of cognitive control and cognitive style principles to reported daily mood experiences’. USA:City University of New York , Dissertation Google Scholar
  • 8. *Gow, A.J. , Whiteman, M.C. , Pattie, A. , Whalley, L. , Starr, J. , Deary, I.J (2005). ‘Lifetime intellectual function and satisfaction with life in old age: longitudinal cohort study’. British Medical Journal. 331, 7509, 141-142 Google Scholar
  • 9. *Hartog, J. , Oosterbeek, H (1998). ‘Health, wealth and happiness. Why pursue a higher education?’. Economics of Education Review. 17, 3, 245-256 Google Scholar
  • 10. *Ludwig, L.D (1971). ‘Elation-depression and skill as determinants of desire for excitement’. USA:University of Wisconsin , Dissertation Google Scholar
  • 11. *Matikka, L.M. , Ojanen, M (2002). ‘Happiness in persons with intellectual disabilities’. Helsinki, Finland, Working paper of the FAMR Research Unit Google Scholar
  • 12. *Noelle-Neumann, E (1980). Happiness and Games of Chance Paper. Allensbach, Germany:Institut für Demoskopie Google Scholar
  • 13. *Palmore, E.B. , Luikart, C (1972). ‘Health and social factors related to life satisfaction’. Journal of Health & Social Behavior. 13, 1, 68-80 Google Scholar
  • 14. *Pandey, C (1971). ‘Popularity, rebelliousness, and happiness among institutionalized retarded males’. American Journal of Mental Deficiency. 76, 3, 325-331 Google Scholar
  • 15. *Sears, P.S. , Barbee, A.H , Stanley, J.C. George, W.C. Solano, C.H (1977). ‘Career and life satisfactions among Terman’s gifted women’. The Gifted and the Creative: A 50 Year Perspective. Baltimore and London:The Johns Hopkins University Press , 28-72 Google Scholar
  • 16. *Sigelman, L (1981). ‘Is ignorance bliss? A reconsideration of the folk wisdom’. Human Relations. 34, 11, 965-974 Google Scholar
  • 17. *Tobacyk, J (1981). ‘Personality differentiation, effectiveness of personality integration and mood in female college students’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 41, 2, 348-356 Google Scholar
  • 18. *Washburne, J.N (1941). ‘Factors related to the social adjustment of college girls’. Journal of Social Psychology. 13, 2, 281-189 Google Scholar
  • 19. *Watson, G (1930). ‘Happiness among adult students of education’. Journal of Educational Psychology. 21, 2, 79-109 Google Scholar
  • 20. *Watten, R.G. , Myhrer, T. , Swersen, J.L (1995). ‘Quality of life, intelligence and mood’. Social Indicators Research. 36, 3, 287-299 Google Scholar
  • 21. *Webb, E (1915). Character and Intelligence: An Attempt at an Exact Study of Character. London:Cambridge University Press Google Scholar
  • 22. *Wessman, A.E. , Ricks, D.F (1966). Mood and Personality. New York:Holt Google Scholar
  • 23. Alloy, L.B. , Abramson, L.Y (1979). ‘Judgment of contingency in depressed and non-depressed students: sadder but wiser’. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 108, 4, 441-485 Google Scholar
  • 24. Ardelt, M (2003). ‘Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale’. Research on Aging. 25, 3, 275-324 Google Scholar
  • 25. Baltatescu, S.M (2006). ‘Transition is over, wait to see the benefits: a comparative evaluation of the effects of post-communist transitions on life-satisfaction’. Paper presented at the conference End of Transition, Budapest, Hungary Google Scholar
  • 26. Baltes, P. , Straudinger, U (2000). ‘Wisdom: a meta-heuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue towards excellence’. American Psychologist. 55, 1, 122-136 Google Scholar
  • 27. Bar-On, R. (1997). The Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i). Toronto, Canada:Toronto Multi Health Systems , Technical manual Google Scholar
  • 28. Bergsma, A. , Ardelt, M (2011). ‘Self reported wisdom and happiness: an empirical investigation’. Journal of Happiness Studies. online since 26 May 2011, 10.1007/s10902-011-9275-5 Google Scholar
  • 29. Binet, A. , Simon, T (1916). The Development of Intelligence in Children. Baltimore, USA:Williams & Wilkins Company Google Scholar
  • 30. Block, J. , Kremen, A.M (1996). ‘IQ and ego-resilience: conceptual and empirical connections and separateness’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 70, 2, 349-361 Google Scholar
  • 31. Choi, Y. , Veenhoven, R (2005). ‘IQ and happiness’. Happiness Research Group, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Working paper Google Scholar
  • 32. DeNeve, K.M. , Cooper, H (1998). ‘The happy personality: a meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective wellbeing’. Psychological Bulletin. 124, 2, 197-229 Google Scholar
  • 33. Derksen, J. , Kramer, I. , Katzko, M (2002). ‘Does a self report measure of emotional intelligence measure something different than general intelligence?’. Personality and Individual Differences. 32, 1, 37-48 Google Scholar
  • 34. Diener, E. , Biswas-Diener, R (2002). ‘Will money increase subjective well-being? A literature review and guide to needed research’. Social Indicators Research. 57, 2, 119-169 Google Scholar
  • 35. Diener, E. , Seligman, M.E.P (2002). ‘Very happy people’. Psychological Science. 13, 1, 80-83 Google Scholar
  • 36. Fredrickson, B.L (2001). ‘The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: the broaden and build theory of positive emotions’. American Psychologist. 56, 3, 218-226 Google Scholar
  • 37. Gardner, H (1984). Frames of Mind: the Theory of Multiple Intelligences. London:Heinemann Google Scholar
  • 38. Gray, T , Bradshaw, J. (1891). ‘Ode on a distant prospect of Eton College’. The Poetical Works of Thomas Gray. Bell, London, 7-11 Google Scholar
  • 39. Hawley, G (1999). Measures of Psychosocial Development. Odessa, FL:Psychological Assessment Resources Google Scholar
  • 40. Herrnstein, R.J. , Murray, C.A (1994). The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. New York:Free Press Google Scholar
  • 41. Holahan, C.K. , Holahan, C.J. , Wonacott, N.L (1999). ‘Self-appraisal, life satisfaction, and retrospective life choices across one and three decades’. Psychology and Aging. 14, 2, 238-244 Google Scholar
  • 42. Illich, I (1971). De-schooling Society. Harmondsworth:Penguin Google Scholar
  • 43. Isen, A.M , Lewis, M. Haviland-Jones, J.M (2000). ‘Positive affect and decision-making’. Handbook of Emotions. 2nd ed., New York:Guilford Press , 417-435 Google Scholar
  • 44. Isen, A.M (2002). ‘Missing in action in the AIM: positive affect’s facilitation of cognitive flexibility, innovation, and problem solving’. Psychological Inquiry. 13, 1, 57-65 Google Scholar
  • 45. Isen, A.M. , Means, B (1983). ‘The influence of positive affect on decision-making strategy’. Social Cognition. 2, 1, 18-31 Google Scholar
  • 46. Kamin, L , Jacoby, R. Glauberman, N. (1995). ‘Lies, dammed lies, and statistics’. The Bell Curve Debates: History, Documents, Opinion. New York:Times Books Google Scholar
  • 47. Keller, H.A (2003). Story of My Life 1911. USA:Kessinger Publishing Google Scholar
  • 48. Klemp, G.O. , McClelland, D.C , Stenberg, R.J. Wagner, R.K (1986). ‘What characterizes intelligent functioning among senior managers?’. Practical Intelligence: Nature and Origins of Competence in the Everyday World. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press Google Scholar
  • 49. Lecklider, A.S (2010). ‘Inventing the egghead: the paradoxes of brainpower in cold war American culture’. Journal of American Studies. 45, 1-21, 2011 Google Scholar
  • 50. Lynn, R. , VanHanen, T (2002). IQ and the Wealth of Nations. Westport, CT:Praeger Google Scholar
  • 51. Lynn, R.J (2008). ‘IQs of nations and their correlates’. Paper presented at 24th International Congress of Psychology, July, Berlin Google Scholar
  • 52. Lynn, R.J. , VanHanen, T (2006). IQ and Global Inequality. Washington:Summit Publishers Google Scholar
  • 53. Lyubomirsky, S. , Diener, E. , King, L (2005). ‘The benefits of frequent positive affects: does happiness lead to success?’. Psychological Bulletin. 131, 6, 803-855 Google Scholar
  • 54. Mayer, J.D (2009). ‘Personal intelligence expressed: a theoretical analysis’. Review of General Psychology. 13, 1, 46-58 Google Scholar
  • 55. Melton, G (1995). ‘Bringing psychology to Capitol Hill: briefings on child and family policy’. American Psychologist. 50, 9, 766-771 Google Scholar
  • 56. Neisser, U. , Boodoo, G. , Bouchard, T.J. , Boykin, A.W. , Brody, N. , Ceci, S.J. , Halpern, D.F. , Loehlin, J.C. , Perloff, R. , Sternberg, R.J. , Urbina, S (1996). ‘Intelligence: knowns and unknowns’. American Psychologist. 51, 2, 77-101 Google Scholar
  • 57. Nolan, P. , Lenski, G (2009). Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology. 11th ed., Colorado, USA:Paradigm Publishers Google Scholar
  • 58. Rutter, M (1989). ‘Pathways from childhood to adult life’. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 30, 23-51 Google Scholar
  • 59. Salovey, P. , Mayer, J.D (1990). ‘Emotional intelligence’. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality. 9, 185-211 Google Scholar
  • 60. Schwartz, B. , Sharpe, F.E (2006). ‘Practical wisdom: Artistotle meets positive psychology’. Journal of Happiness Studies. 7, 3, 377-395 Google Scholar
  • 61. Singh-Manoux, A. , Ferrie, J.E. , Lynch, J.W. , Marmot, M (2005). ‘The role of cognitive ability (intelligence) in explaining the association between socioeconomic position and health: evidence from the Whitehall II prospective cohort study’. American Journal of Epidemiology. 161, 9, 831-839 Google Scholar
  • 62. Stam, J. , Veenhoven, R (2007). Quality of Life & Happiness of People in Japan and The Netherlands. Amsterdam:KIT Publishers , Encounters Series Vol. 1 Google Scholar
  • 63. Sternberg, R (2000a). Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge, USA:Cambridge University Press Google Scholar
  • 64. Sternberg, R , Sternberg, R (2000b). ‘Intelligence and wisdom’. Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press , 631-650 Google Scholar
  • 65. Strenze, T (2007). ‘Intelligence and socioeconomic success: a meta-analytic review of longitudinal research’. Intelligence. 35, 5, 401-426 Google Scholar
  • 66. Terman, L.M. , Oden, M.H (1959). The Gifted Group at Mid-life, Thirty-five Years Follow-up of the Superior Child: Genetic Studies of Genius. 3, Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press Google Scholar
  • 67. Veenhoven, R (1984). Conditions of Happiness. Dordrecht/Boston:Reidel Google Scholar
  • 68. Veenhoven, R , Ng, Y-K. Ho, L.S (2006). ‘Quality of life in modern society measured with happy life years’. Happiness and Public Policy, Theory, Case Studies and Implications. New York:Palgrave-Macmillan , 19-44, ISBN 13: 978-0-230-00497-9, Chapter 2 Google Scholar
  • 69. Veenhoven, R , Dutt, A.K. Radcliff, B (2009). ‘How do we assess how happy we are?’. Happiness, Economics and Politics: Towards a Multi-disciplinary Approach. Cheltenham UK:Edward Elger Publishers , 45-69, Chapter 3 Google Scholar
  • 70. Veenhoven, R (2010a). ‘Measures of happiness’. World Database of Happiness. (accessed on 1-12-2011), Erasmus University Rotterdam, available at http://worlddatabaseofhappiness.eur.nl/hap_quer/hqi_fp.htm Google Scholar
  • 71. Veenhoven, R (2010b). ‘Average happiness in 146 nations 2000–2009’. World Database of Happiness. (accessed on 1-12-2011), Erasmus University Rotterdam, available at http://worlddatabaseofhappiness.eur.nl/hap_nat/findingreports/RankReport_AverageHappiness.php Google Scholar
  • 72. Veenhoven, R (2010c). ‘Correlational findings on happiness’. World Database of Happiness. (accessed on 1-12-2011), Erasmus University Rotterdam, available at http://worlddatabaseofhappiness.eur.nl/hap_cor/cor_fp.htm Google Scholar
  • 73. Veenhoven, R (2010d). ‘States of nations: dataset for the cross-national analysis of happiness’. World Database of Happiness. (accessed on 1-12-2011), Erasmus University Rotterdam, available at http://worlddatabaseofhappiness.eur.nl/statnat/statnat_fp.htm Google Scholar
  • 74. Veenhoven, R (2010e). ‘Life is getting better: societal evolution and fit with human nature’. Social Indicators Research. 97, 105-122 Google Scholar
  • 75. Veenhoven, R. , Berg, M ‘Has modernization gone too far? Modernity and happiness in 141 countries’. submitted, Paper under review Google Scholar
  • 76. Zigler, E. , Seitz, V , Sternberg, R.J (1982). ‘Social policy and intelligence’. Handbook of Human Intelligence. New York:Cambridge University Press Google Scholar