Modelling of decarbonised global and local supply chain network for material-based greenhouse gas emission and costs with COVID-19 disruption and trans-Pacific partnership

COVID-19 has caused a negative impact and disruption on a global supply chain. The global supply chain is affected by many factors, such as disruption, customs duty, requirements for the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, and trans-pacific partnership (TPP), which is a free trade agreement. A sustainable supply chain needs to reduce material-based GHG emission and total costs. However, GHG emission varies across countries because of the energy mix. Therefore, the impact of disruption and different GHG emission levels should be considered in the global supply chain design. This study models and analyses a decarbonised global and local supply chain network under conditions such as GHG regulation, COVID-19 supplier disruption and customs duty scheme by TPP, so as to minimise total material-based GHG emission and total cost by integer programming with ε constraint. Then, the results are discussed in terms of localisation, cost, GHG, and disruption.